References
 
1. Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations," Foreign Affairs,
Summer 1993, Volume 72, Number 3.
2. It must be stressed that Muslims universally believe that the Quran is
divinely revealed. Therefore, it is the principal source of beliefs and laws in
the religion of Islam. Therefore, by quoting the Quran, a Muslim is referring
to the supreme source of his or her belief.
3. Robert A. Goldwin, "Of Men and Angels: A Search for Morality in the
Constitution," in Robert Horowitz, ed. The Moral Foundations of the American Republic
 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1979), 5.
4. Afzalur Rahman, Readings in Political Philosophy, Volume I: Liberty
(London: Seerah Foundation Press, June 1987), 108.
5. It is customary for Muslims to show their deep respect to the prophets by
adding the statement "peace be upon him," after the prophet’s name. In Islamic
writings, this is often abbreviated as (PBUH).
6. H.U. Rahman, A Chronology of Islamic History 570-1000 (London: Taha
Publishers Limited, 1995).
7. Carlton J.H. Hayes, Medieval and Early Modern Times: the Age of Justinian
to the 18th Century (New York: Mcmillan Publishing Company, 1983), 103-108.
8. Dr. Muhammad Hamidullah, The Muslim Conduct of State (Lahore, Pakistan:
Kazi Publications, 1977), 111.
9. Cited in Afzalur Rahman, op. cit., 159.
10. Karen Armstrong, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1996), 273-274.
11. Ibn al-Qayyim al-Juzziya; I’lam al-Muakeen; quoted in Fathi Osman, Huquq
al-Insan (Cairo: Dar-al-Shuruq Publications, 1982), 6.
12. Shibli Nu’mani; The Life of Umar the Great, vol. II (Lahore, Pakistan:
Kazi Publications, 1961, 67.
13. Cited in Afzalur Rahman, op. cit., 163.
14. This was quoted in al-Muatta, by Imam Malik, cited in Afzalur Rahman, op.
cit., 162.
15. Abu Yusuf, Kitab al-Kharraj; cited in Fathi Osman, Huquq al-Insan (Cairo:
Dar-al-Shuruq Publications, 1982), 8.
16. Ali Ben Hazm, Al Muhalla in Islamic Fiqh; Translated by Fouad Muhammad
Ayad (Sherman, Texas: Islamic Mosque at Texoma, 1985), 283-285.
17. Fathi Osman, op. cit., 9.
18. Ibn Hazm, op. cit., 284.
19. The concept of double jeopardy has evolved to a more sophisticated
interpretation within the court system than the original statement of the Fifth
Amendment: "[T]he Double Jeopardy Clause protects against several distinct abuses,
such as: [1] a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal; [2] a
second prosecution for the same offense.